Nano filtration (NF) is a cutting-edge water purification technology that has proven highly effective in removing harmful microorganisms, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), from water. E. coli, a common bacteria found in contaminated water, can cause severe gastrointestinal illnesses and other health complications. Traditional filtration methods often struggle to eliminate such microscopic pathogens, but nano…

Brine water, a byproduct of desalination and industrial processes, is often considered waste due to its high salt content. However, innovative approaches are now enabling the recycling of brine water for agricultural purposes, addressing both water scarcity and environmental concerns. Traditional disposal methods, such as discharging brine into oceans or landfills, can harm ecosystems and…

Viruses are among the most elusive and dangerous contaminants in water. Unlike bacteria or parasites, viruses are microscopic and cannot be seen with the naked eye, making them particularly challenging to detect and eliminate. Waterborne viruses, such as norovirus, hepatitis A, and rotavirus, can cause severe illnesses, including gastrointestinal infections and liver damage. The small…

Cholera, a life-threatening diarrheal disease, is primarily caused by consuming water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Despite advancements in water treatment, tap water remains a potential source of cholera outbreaks, particularly in regions with inadequate infrastructure or poor sanitation practices. Contaminated tap water can result from broken pipelines, sewage leaks, or insufficient treatment processes. In…